REVIEW OF MODERN MATERIALS FOR THE MANUFACTURING OF COMPONENTS OF GAS DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS IN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

Abstract

Annotation. The article provides a comprehensive overview of modern materials used in the manufacture of gas distribution system components in internal combustion engines. The relevance of the study is due to the growing requirements for thermal stability, service life, weight reduction, and environmental compliance of power units operating under conditions of intense thermal and mechanical stress. Particular attention is paid to the materials used to manufacture valves, guide bushings, valve seats, tappets, and camshafts - that is, the key elements that determine the accuracy of gas exchange phases and the engine's resistance to wear. Based on an analysis of traditional materials - alloy steels, cast iron, bronze - their advantages and limits of effectiveness in modern operating conditions are substantiated. The work systematizes the properties and practical application of the latest materials: titanium and nickel alloys, metal ceramics, nanostructured coatings such as DLC, TiN, CrN. It is shown that in terms of their physical and mechanical characteristics (heat resistance, wear resistance, dimensional stability, corrosion resistance), these materials significantly outperform their classical counterparts, but require a complex manufacturing process and significant financial costs. Particular attention is paid to a comparative analysis of materials, which reveals the strengths and weaknesses of each type in the context of a specific application. A table with structured characteristics is provided, which allows you to navigate the feasibility of using certain materials depending on the load conditions. The experience of leading manufacturers (BMW, Toyota, Honda) confirms the effectiveness of combining the latest alloys with high-tech coatings in serial production. As a result, it is concluded that further development of engine manufacturing is impossible without the widespread introduction of materials science innovations. The use of hybrid structures, additive technologies, local strengthening, and nanocoatings has been identified as promising areas. It has been outlined that the choice of material is not only an engineering decision, but also an economic and resource decision that forms the basis for the implementation of reliable, energy-efficient, and durable engines of the future.